Emotional State Research Articles

Multimodal emotion classification using machine learning in immersive and non-immersive virtual reality

Affective computing has been widely used to detect and recognize emotional states. The main goal of this study was to detect emotional states using machine learning algorithms automatically. The experimental procedure involved eliciting emotional states using film clips in an immersive and non-immersive virtual reality setup. The participants’ physiological signals were recorded and analyzed to train machine learning models to recognize users’ emotional states. Furthermore, two subjective ratings emotional scales were provided to rate each emotional film clip. Results showed no significant differences between presenting the stimuli in the two degrees of immersion. Regarding emotion classification, it emerged that for both physiological signals and subjective ratings, user-dependent models have a better performance when compared to user-independent models. We obtained an average accuracy of 69.29 ± 11.41% and 71.00 ± 7.95% for the subjective ratings and physiological signals, respectively. On the other hand, using user-independent models, the accuracy we obtained was 54.0 ± 17.2% and 24.9 ± 4.0%, respectively. We interpreted these data as the result of high inter-subject variability among participants, suggesting the need for user-dependent classification models. In future works, we intend to develop new classification algorithms and transfer them to real-time implementation. This will make it possible to adapt to a virtual reality environment in real-time, according to the user’s emotional state.

Who Feels Safe? Uncertain Futures and Enduring Aspirations in Italy

ABSTRACT In an attempt of going beyond a simple opposition between those conceived as agents and those seen as subjects of disciplinary power, this article engages with a reflection on differential states of precariousness and (un)safety, which involve both ‘forced migrants’ and ‘citizens’. Drawing on ethnographic research in Milan (Italy), I outline some recent institutional changes in the Italian asylum system, which led to the political abandonment of refugees in situations of increasing marginalisation, but also to the layoff of several frontline asylum workers, who were often young people hit by the consequences of economic recession. Through the words and biographical trajectories of three young women (two asylum workers and one refugee), I trace the emergence of contested temporal and work experiences, marked by widespread feelings of uncertainty and devaluation. I approach empirically the idea of (un)safety as a material and bodily condition and as an emotional state, directly linked to the perceived possibility of being able to orient oneself towards the future. By zooming in on differential experiences of (un)safety and precariousness – but also on enduring aspirations – I aim at documenting the material and affective entanglements of acts of government, as well as their inherent potential for empowerment and transformation.

HUMAN STRESS LEVEL IDENTIFICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS BASED ON SLEEPING PATTERNS

Stress is a mental or emotional state brought on by demanding or unavoidable circumstances, also referred to as stressors. In order to prevent any unfavorable occurrences in life, it is crucial to understand human stress levels. Sleep disturbances are related to a number of physical, mental, and social problems. This study's main objective is to investigate how human stress might be detected using machine learning algorithms based on sleep-related behaviors. The obtained dataset includes various sleep habits and stress levels. Six machine learning techniques, including Multilayer Perception (MLP), Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees, Naïve Bayes and Logistic Regression were utilized in the classification level after the data had been preprocessed in order to compare and obtain the most accurate results. Based on the experiment results, it can be concluded that the Decision tree algorithm, when used to classify the data, can do so with 93.27% accuracy, high precision, recall, and f1measure values, as well as the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error rates (RMSE). We can estimate human stress levels using the study's findings, and we can address pertinent problems as soon as possible.

Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection

Abstract Combining deep learning (DL) with nanotechnology holds promise for transforming key facets of nanoscience and technology. This synergy could pave the way for groundbreaking advancements in the creation of novel materials, devices, and applications, unlocking unparalleled capabilities. In addition, monitoring psychological, emotional, and physical states is challenging, yet recent advancements in the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), nano robot technology, and DL show promise in collecting and processing such data within home environments. Using DL techniques at the edge enables the processing of Internet of Things device data locally, preserving privacy and low latency. We present an edge IoNT system that integrates nanorobots and DL to identify diseases, generating actionable reports for medical decision-making. Explainable artificial intelligence enhances model transparency, aiding clinicians in understanding predictions. Intensive experiments have been carried out on Kvasir dataset to validate the applicability of the designed framework, where the accuracy of results demonstrated its potential for in-home healthcare management.

The Chinese customers and service staff interactive affective system (CCSIAS): introduction to a multimodal stimulus dataset

To research the emotional interaction between customers and service staff, single-modal stimuli are being used to activate subjects’ emotions while multimodal emotion stimuli with better efficiency are often neglected. This study aims to construct a multimodal emotion stimuli database (CCSIAS) with video records of real work status of 29 service staff and audio clips of interactions between customers and service staff by setting up wide-angle cameras and searching in company’s Ocean Engine for 15 consecutive days. First, we developed a tool to assess the emotional statuses of customers and service staff in Study 1. Second, 40 Masters and PhD students were invited to assess the audio and video data to evaluate the emotional states of customers and service staff in Study 2, using the tools developed in Study 1. Third, 118 participants were recruited to test the results from Study 2 to ensure the stability of the derived data. The results showed that 139 sets of stable emotional audio & video data were constructed (26 sets were high, 59 sets were medium and 54 sets were low). The amount of emotional information is important for the effective activation of participants’ emotional states, and the degree of emotional activation of video data is significantly higher than that of the audio data. Overall, it was shown that the study of emotional interaction phenomena requires a multimodal dataset. The CCSIAS (https://osf.io/muc86/) can extend the depth and breadth of emotional interaction research and can be applied to different emotional states between customers and service staff activation in the fields of organizational behavior and psychology.

The influence of vibratory massage after physical exertion on selected psychological processes

Good mental preparation of an athlete plays an important role in achieving optimal sports results. An athlete who enters a competition should not feel fatigue resulting from intense physical exercise. Therefore, new and effective methods are being sought that could help accelerate the process of both physical and mental regeneration. Vibrotherapy is one of them. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal frequency of vibration, its duration and the position in which the subjects were placed during the treatments, in relation to the reduction of subjectively perceived exertion muscle pain, mental discomfort, emotional states and the level of cognitive processes that were disturbed by intense physical activity. Sixteen healthy male volunteers were involved in this study. The participants were assessed for their aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Each of the subjects performed a set of intensive physical exercises and then underwent vibrotherapy treatment. In random order, each of the men tested the effectiveness of eight combinations of frequency, duration, and body position. Psychological tests were conducted for each combination: frequency, duration of treatment, and position during treatment, in four stages: (1) before the start of the experiment (baseline POMS measurements), (2) immediately after the exercise (VAS scale, scale examining psychological discomfort and STROOP test), (3) immediately after the vibration treatment (POMS measurements, VAS scale, scale examining psychological discomfort and STROOP test), (4) 24 h after the vibration treatment (VAS scale examining subjective assessment of perceived pain and psychological discomfort). Based on the results, it was concluded that all the studied variables improved significantly over time (after the vibration treatment and 24 h after training). In addition, a statistically significant interaction measurement × frequency was noted for vigor scale (52HZ favored greater improvement in this state), and a statistically significant interaction was found for measurement × time for the VAS scale (p < 0.05) – the lower pain value was indicated 24 h after the 10-min vibration treatment. The type of frequency used, position, and duration of the treatment did not play a statistically significant role in changing STROOP test results and severity of psychological discomfort (p > 0.05).

Upadacitinib Rapidly Improves Patient-Reported Outcomes in Atopic Dermatitis: 16-Week Results from Phase3 Clinical Trials (Measure Up1 and 2).

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by intense itch and other symptoms that negatively impact quality of life (QoL). This study evaluates the effect of upadacitinib (an oral selective Janus kinase inhibitor) monotherapy on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) among adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe AD over 16weeks. This integrated analysis of the double-blind, placebo-controlled periods of phase3 monotherapy clinical trials Measure Up1 (NCT03569293) and Measure Up2 (NCT03607422) assessed itch (Worst Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale [WP-NRS] and SCORing Atopic Dermatitis [SCORAD]), skin pain and symptom severity (AD Symptom Scale), symptom frequency (Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure), sleep (AD Impact Scale [ADerm-IS] and SCORAD), daily activities and emotional state (ADerm-IS), QoL (Dermatology Life Quality Index [DLQI] and Children's DLQI), mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and patient impressions (Patient Global Impression of Severity, Patient Global Impression of Change, and Patient Global Impression of Treatment). Data from 1683 patients (upadacitinib 15mg, n = 557; upadacitinib 30mg, n = 567; placebo, n = 559) were analyzed. A greater proportion of patients receiving upadacitinib versus placebo experienced improvements in itch (≥ 4-point improvement on WP-NRS) by week1 (upadacitinib 15mg, 11.2%; upadacitinib 30mg, 17.7%; placebo, 0.5%; P < 0.001), with response rates sustained through week16 (upadacitinib 15mg, 47.1%; upadacitinib 30mg, 59.8%; placebo, 10.4%; P < 0.001). Improvements were similar for PROs assessing skin pain/symptoms, sleep, daily activities, QoL, emotional state, mental health, and patient impressions of disease severity and treatment. Responses generally improved rapidly (within 1-2weeks), increased through weeks 4-6, and were maintained through week16. Once-daily oral upadacitinib monotherapy improved response rates across PROs compared with placebo. Upadacitinib therapy resulted in rapid, sustained improvements in PROs measuring symptom burden and QoL in adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severeAD. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers, NCT03569293 and NCT03607422.

Influence of physical exercise on negative emotions in college students: chain mediating role of sleep quality and self-rated health

BackgroundNegative emotions in college students are a significant factor affecting mental health, with suicide behaviors caused by negative emotions showing an annual increasing trend. Existing studies suggest that physical exercise is essential to alleviate negative feelings, yet the intrinsic mechanisms by which it affects negative emotions have not been fully revealed.ObjectiveNegative emotions in college students represent a significant issue affecting mental health. This study investigates the relationship between physical exercise and negative emotions among college students, incorporating sleep quality and self-rated health (SRH) as mediators to analyze the pathway mechanism of how physical exercise affects students’ negative emotions.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was utilized, employing online questionnaires for investigation. The scales included the Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 (PARS-3), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), resulting in the collection of 30,475 valid questionnaires, with a validity rate of 91%. Chain mediation tests and Bootstrap methods were applied for effect analysis.ResultsThe proportions of university students engaged in low, medium, and high levels of physical exercise were 77.6, 13.1, and 9.3%, respectively. The proportions of students experiencing “very severe” levels of stress, anxiety, and depression were 4.5, 10.9, and 3.6%, respectively. Physical exercise was significantly positively correlated with self-rated health (r = 0.194, p &amp;lt; 0.01), significantly negatively correlated with sleep quality (r = −0.035, p &amp;lt; 0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with stress, anxiety, and depression (r = −0.03, p &amp;lt; 0.01; r = −0.058, p &amp;lt; 0.01; r = −0.055, p &amp;lt; 0.01). Sleep quality was significantly negatively correlated with self-rated health (r = −0.242, p &amp;lt; 0.01). Mediation effect testing indicated that sleep quality and self-rated health partially mediated the relationship between physical exercise and negative emotions, with total effect, total direct effect, and total indirect effect values of −1.702, −0.426, and − 1.277, respectively.ConclusionCollege students primarily engage in low-intensity physical activity. Sleep quality and self-rated health mediate the impact of physical exercise on students’ negative emotions. A certain level of physical activity can directly affect students’ emotional states and indirectly influence their negative emotions via sleep and self-rated health. Regular engagement in physical activities primarily positively impacts emotional states by enhancing mood stability and overall emotional resilience.

Rapid and sustained improvements in itch and quality of life with upadacitinib plus topical corticosteroids in adults and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: 52-week outcomes from the phase 3 AD Up study

Purpose: Atopic dermatitis (AD) adversely impacts quality of life (QoL). We evaluated the effect of upadacitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase inhibitor approved for moderate-to-severe AD, plus topical corticosteroids (+TCS) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) over 52 weeks. Materials and methods: In the phase 3 AD Up study (NCT03568318), adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized 1:1:1 to once-daily upadacitinib 15 mg, 30 mg, or placebo + TCS. Itch, skin pain/symptoms, sleep, QoL, daily activities, emotional state, mental health, and patient impressions of disease severity/improvement/treatment satisfaction were assessed. Results: This analysis included 901 patients. Within 1–2 weeks, PRO improvements were greater with both upadacitinib doses than with placebo (p <.05). Improvements increased through weeks 4–8; rates were generally maintained through week 52. At week 52, the proportion of patients with clinically meaningful improvements in itch (Worst Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale improvement ≥4), skin pain (AD Symptom Scale Skin Pain improvement ≥4), sleep (AD Impact Scale [ADerm-IS] Sleep improvement ≥12), daily activities (ADerm-IS Daily Activities improvement ≥14), and emotional state (ADerm-IS Emotional State improvement ≥11) ranged from 62.1%–77.7% with upadacitinib 15 mg + TCS and 71.3%–83.6% with upadacitinib 30 mg + TCS. Conclusions: Upadacitinib + TCS results in rapid, sustained improvements in burdensome AD symptoms and QoL.

Fear, defense, and emotion: A neuroethological understanding of the negative valence research domain criteria.

We describe the close correspondence between predatory imminence continuum theory (PICT) and the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) for negative valence. RDoC's negative valence constructs relate aversively motivated behavioral reactions to various levels of threat. PICT divides defensive responses into distinct modes that vary along a continuum of the psychological closeness of predatory threat. While there is a close correspondence between PICT modes and negative valence threat constructs, based on PICT, we describe some potential elaborations of RDoC constructs. Both have consonant views of fear and anxiety and provide explicit distinctions between these emotional states, relating them to specific defensive behaviors and functions. We describe recent data that causally implicate human subjective emotional states with amygdala activity, which is also critical for defensive behavior. We conclude that attention to neuroethological views of defense can advance our understanding of the etiology and treatment of anxiety and stress disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Math anxiety effects on consumer purchase decisions: the role of framing

AbstractMathematics anxiety, an emotional state resulting in negative responses to math problems and numerical information, has been extensively studied in educational psychology. Research on the impact of math anxiety on consumer purchase decisions, however, is still in its nascent stages. This paper examines the interaction between math anxiety and different promotion framing formats on consumers’ perceived savings, price acceptability, and purchase decisions. Across two studies, we demonstrate that consumers with varying levels of math anxiety respond differently to various promotion frames: a gain versus a reduced loss and a single discount versus multiple discounts. We further show that consumers with insufficient math ability may experience negative affect and heighten math anxiety, particularly when faced with numerical and arithmetic tasks commonly encountered while shopping.

Exploring Cultural Competence, Inclusivity, and Diversity in Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy: A Phenomenological Study

ABSTRACT Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), and other minoritized populations are insufficiently represented in research on therapeutic psychedelics. This research was a phenomenological qualitative exploration of a culturally diverse (Hispanic, African American, Asian, Native American, biracial, or LGBTQIA+) and low-income sample of 15 individuals receiving ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) at a sliding-scale fee community clinic. Participants were interviewed after a ketamine session, after a ketamine integration session, and one month later. The interviews inquired about mental and emotional state prior to treatment and the treatment context (traditionally called set and setting), preparation for treatment, experiences during the ketamine and integration sessions, barriers to treatment, perceived stigma if any, reflections on KAPs’ impact, and relevance of culture to the treatment. The current analysis, which focuses on participant comments related to diversity, equity, and inclusion that are uniquely relevant to this sample and the research goals, yielded four major themes: Insufficient Financial Resources, Race, Ethnicity, and LGBTQIA+, Stigma, and Culture and Ritual. Themes and subthemes are presented accompanied by representative quotes. Results demonstrate the high salience of culture in the KAP experience and the need to incorporate issues of race, culture, stigma, ritual, and socioeconomic status into treatment planning and outcome research.

Mental health, COVID-19 burden and quality of life of kidney transplant recipients two years after the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionFew studies have evaluated the psychological distress of COVID-19 in kidney transplantation and the psychological impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on kidney transplant recipients is not yet well understood. The present study aimed to investigate the change in symptom burden and health-related quality of life in the two years after initial assessment, by outlining the change over time of symptoms at 12 and 24 months of follow-up.MethodsThis is a follow-up study. We performed a study published in 2021 (phase 1 of COVID-19); of the 89 kidney transplant recipients evaluated in this study, 60 completed the 12 months follow-up (March 2021 June 2021, phase 2 of COVID-19) and 57 completed the 24 months follow-up (March 2022 June 2022, post COVID-19). The same tools as in previous study were administered: the ad hoc questionnaire on emotional state and psychophysical well-being during COVID-19, the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) to provide a simple and rapid quantification of the psychological and somatic symptoms and the Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) was used to assess health-related quality of life.ResultsCompared to the first and second phase of COVID-19, the mean score of quality of life variables were higher in the post COVID-19 phase; thus the recipients physical health, mental health and their perception of their general health improved. Regarding the psychopathology variables the levels of Anxiety, Depression and Phobia in the Post COVID-19 phase decreased, while the Somatization score was higher. Lastly, burden of COVID-19 scores in the third phase, significantly decreased.DiscussionOur study highlights a significant association between mental health and the burden of COVID-19 pandemic in kidney transplant recipients. This study showed, a significant worsening, over time, of some specific symptoms, such as somatization and phobias. However, the results showed that depressive symptoms improved during the study period. Long-term monitoring of kidney transplant recipients therefore remains fundamental. These results confirmed the need to provide integrated multidisciplinary services to adequately address the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the most vulnerable subjects.

Gammatone-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients Based Fear Emotion Level Recognition System

Emotions represent affective states that induce alterations in behavior and interactions within one's environment. An avenue for discerning human emotions lies in the realm of speech analysis. Empirical evidence indicates that 1.6 million Indonesian teenagers grapple with mental anxiety disorders, characterized by sensations of fear or ambiguous vigilance. This work endeavors to devise a tool for discerning an individual's emotional state through voice processing, focusing particularly on fear emotions stratified into three levels of intensity: low, medium, and high. The proposed system employs Gammatone-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (GFCC) for feature extraction, leveraging the efficacy of its gamma filter in reducing noise. Furthermore, a Random Forest (RF) Classifier is integrated to facilitate the recognition of fear's emotional intensity in speech signals. The system is deployed on a Raspberry Pi 4B and establishes a Bluetooth connection using the RFCOMM communication protocol to an Android application, presenting the classification results. The outcomes reveal that the Signal-to-Noise Reduction achieved through GFCC extraction surpasses that of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC). In terms of accuracy, the implemented recognition system for fear emotion levels, employing GFCC extraction and Random Forest Classifier, attains a commendable accuracy of 73.33 %.

Stressful life events and the occurrence of skin cancer.

It is widely acknowledged that emotional states can influence skin conditions, yet limited research has delved into the impact of stress on skin cancer development. This retrospective study sought to expand the perspective on skin cancer risk factors by investigating the complex relationship between stressful life events and the incidence of skin cancer. The sample included 268 individuals followed-up in a dermatological clinic, in three groups: Patients who had previously been diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma and are currently in remission (32%), those who had been diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancer (30%), and a control group who are at risk for skin cancer (38%). Participants filled in questionnaires regarding childhood and adulthood life events, and loss and gain of resources following their subjectively most stressful event in adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the associations of life events with skin cancer occurrence, and mediating and moderating effects of resource loss/gain. Adverse childhood experiences were associated with melanoma occurrence, with the melanoma group reporting significantly more such experiences compared to the control group (p<0.001). Resource loss from subjectively significant stressful life events in adulthood partially mediated the association between adverse childhood experiences and melanoma incidence. The findings suggest that there may be intricate connections between stress, life events, adaptation to change, and skin cancer, which future research may further unravel. This study underscores the need for a more comprehensive approach to stress management, coping strategies development, and skin cancer prevention in healthcare settings.

Exploring the role of mindfulness on obligatory exercise among young athletes: mediating roles of obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety

Exploring the role of mindfulness on obligatory exercise among young athletes: mediating roles of obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety

What a Shame! Limited Understanding of the Effects of Shame on Voice

Abstract: While research is emerging on how the emotional state of voice users can impact voice quality and production, the emotion of shame has been underrepresented in that research. This paper examines what research currently exists regarding shame and offers future directions for future research in this area.

Порівняльний аналіз субклінічного тривожно-депресивного синдрому в пацієнтів із гострим інфарктом міокарда з елевацією сегмента ST до та під час активних бойових дій у Харківській області

The aim – to assess subclinical emotional distress in patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) before and during the ongoing conflict in the Kharkiv Region. Materials and methods. The study encompassed 242 patients exhibiting subclinical emotional distress and hospitalized with STEMI at «L.T. Malaya TNI of NAMSU» before active conflict, compared with 65 patients during the conflict. Adherence to ethical standards was ensured, in line with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, and the protocol received approval from the local ethics committee (Protocol № 8, dated 29.08.2016, and Protocol № 4, dated 12.05.2022). Participants completed the DASS-21 questionnaire, reflecting their emotional state 10–14 days prior, and received STEMI treatment as per current guidelines.Results. We showed that anxiety more frequent appeared during the active hostilities (p=0.0218). Depression had the influence on excessive smoking (p=0.0199), LV EF decrease (p=0.0057), LDL-C increase (p=0.0393). Anxiety and stress intrude into hypertension frequency (p=0.0171, p=0.0489) consequently as well as anxiety – on LDL-C increase (p=0.0068). All data of subclinical emotional distress during active hostilities associate with the frequency of smoking increase: p=0.0422 for depression, p=0.0275 for anxiety and p=0.0199 for stress. Depression associates with LVEF decrease (p=0.0267), the leucocytes count increase (p=0.0467), high frequency of hypertension (p=0.0410). Anxiety associates with higher heart rate (p=0.0277), depression and stress – with younger age (p=0.0369).Conclusions. Our research demonstrates close associations between the data of subclinical emotional distress both in patients with STEMI before and during the active hostilities in Kharkiv Region. Data were assessed with DASS-21 questionnaire on 10 –14 day prior the event. These results should be undertaken during general practitioner’s appointment to prevent further cardiovascular event.

Evaluation of Anxiety Levels and Related Factors in Parents of Preterm Infants Hospitalized in NICU

Background: The hospitalization of preterm infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is generally an unexpected event that can be stressful experience for families and especially for parents. Objective: To assess the anxiety levels in parents with preterm infants hospitalized in NICU and determine its association with clinical and sociodemographic variables. Method: This prospective, follow up–cohort study was conducted at the NICU of a tertiary maternity hospital in Athens, Greece during 18/12/2019 to 31/12/2022. A total of 120 parents, whose infants had birth weight (BW)&lt;1750 grams (g) and gestational age (GA)&lt;34 weeks (w) were involved. The data collected by a demographic form and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale (STAI). Results: Our data showed that the STAI score for state anxiety to mothers was significantly higher in the 1st assessment (Mean±SD:52.2±11.9) than 2nd (Mean±SD:47.8±12) and 3rd (Mean±SD:49±10.3). The STAI score for trait anxiety was similar, in particular it was significantly higher in the 1st assessment (Mean±SD:46.6±14.6) compared to 2nd (Mean±SD:41.9±14) and 3rd (Mean±SD:42.8±13). Also, the STAI score for state anxiety to fathers was significantly higher during the 1st assessment (Mean±SD:47.1±12.2) compared to the other two assessments (Mean±SD:42.8±9.8 &amp; Mean±SD:41.7±9.1 respectively), while trait anxiety didn’t show significant variability. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the premature birth and infant’s hospitalization might have a negative effect on parents’ emotional state. Identifying which mothers and fathers are at risk immediately after birth and during NICU stay could help to direct specific interventions that can prevent them of stressful feelings.

Exploring post-COVID-19 health effects and features with advanced machine learning techniques

COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that has had a significant impact, resulting in a range of outcomes including recovery, continued health issues, and the loss of life. Among those who have recovered, many experience negative health effects, particularly influenced by demographic factors such as gender and age, as well as physiological and neurological factors like sleep patterns, emotional states, anxiety, and memory. This research aims to explore various health factors affecting different demographic profiles and establish significant correlations among physiological and neurological factors in the post-COVID-19 state. To achieve these objectives, we have identified the post-COVID-19 health factors and based on these factors survey data were collected from COVID-recovered patients in Bangladesh. Employing diverse machine learning algorithms, we utilised the best prediction model for post-COVID-19 factors. Initial findings from statistical analysis were further validated using Chi-square to demonstrate significant relationships among these elements. Additionally, Pearson’s coefficient was utilized to indicate positive or negative associations among various physiological and neurological factors in the post-COVID-19 state. Finally, we determined the most effective machine learning model and identified key features using analytical methods such as the Gini Index, Feature Coefficients, Information Gain, and SHAP Value Assessment. And found that the Decision Tree model excelled in identifying crucial features while predicting the extent of post-COVID-19 impact.